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Object type: Cross-head
Measurements: Diameter 35 cm (13.8 in) D. 18 cm (7.1 in)
Stone type: [Inaccessible but apparently Ancaster Freestone, Upper Linconshire Limestone, Inferior Oolite Group, like Harmston 1]
Plate numbers in printed volume: Ills. 201–2
Corpus volume reference: Vol 5 p. 177-178
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An almost complete cross-head with ring, type a. The transverse arms are of different form from the upper and lower ones. The transverse arms are splayed (E6) whilst the upper and lower are curved (E10). There is a central circular boss with a drilled hole right through its centre; apparently an original feature. The ring is undecorated and of sub-rectangular section but no evidence survives for the junction between cross-head and -shaft below.
A (broad): The transverse arms, which survive only where they were attached to the ring, are decorated with a pair of simple grooves of V-section. The upper and lower arms are decorated with interlace patterns in low relief. Both arms contain a single triskele knot (Cramp 1991, fig. 25, Bi) within a moulded border of sub-circular section. The border of one arm (now the lower, but presumably originally the uppermost) is decorated additionally with a second cable moulding. The interlace strands in both panels are decorated with a double incised line.
B and D (narrow): Built in.
C (broad): The central part of this face was removed during its reuse when a rebate was cut for a circular window shutter or glass, but even so, the original decoration is visible at the extremities of all four arms. The transverse arms are decorated with similar incised lines to those on face A. The panels in the upper and lower arms are defined by mouldings of sub-circular section like those on face A, and they were also decorated with interlace motifs, probably also triskele knots. On face C, however, because of secondary abrasion, it is unclear whether this interlace was also further decorated with incised lines. For the same reason it is also unclear whether the border of the upper arm was decorated with a cable moulding.
The cross-head is of a similar stone and of approximately the correct dimensions to have come from the Harmston shaft (no. 1 above). As a cross-head, it represents an unusual variation on a common theme. It has to be placed alongside the other ring-headed crosses in the county (Bicker 1, Conisholme 1, Colsterworth 2, Elloe Stone, Lincoln St Mark 1, Lincoln St Mary-le-Wigford 1). In none of these, however, are two different forms of cross-arm used on the same head and none have a drilled central boss. Partly because of its having different forms of cross-arms, the Harmston cross-head also has much larger interstices than any of the others (which, of course, has made the imaginative reuse as a window feasible). The attenuated form of the curved arms and the employment of straight arms must suggest a relatively late date, and certainly one at the end of the tradition represented by the other ring-headed crosses in the county.
Straight arms (with similar decoration) are deployed in one of the ring-headed crosses from the burial ground north of the abbey church at Whitby, Yorkshire NR, which probably dates from the late eleventh or twelfth century; whilst the celebrated cross of the late twelfth century at Church Kelloe, co. Durham (Lang 1977a), has similar widely spaced arms joined by a ring. The decoration at Kelloe, however, is wholly Romanesque and Harmston must be several generations earlier in date. Kelloe, like Harmston however, also has a drilled hole through the centre of the boss and at Kelloe it has been convincingly suggested that this hole may have been designed to hold a relic (ibid., 118). This may be, perhaps, a valid explanation for the same feature at Harmston also and, if the cross-head (no. 2) did come from the shaft (no. 1 above), then an explanation as a reliquary might help to explain the unusual iconography on face C of the shaft. Whether the cross-head is related to the shaft or not, parallels with crosses such as those at Whitby should indicate that Harmston 2 is unlikely to be much earlier in date than the mid eleventh century and unlikely to be later than the early twelfth.



