Volume 4: South-East England

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Current Display: Winchester (St Maurice) 01, Hampshire Forward button Back button
Overview
Present Location
Winchester City Museum. Accession number 334
Evidence for Discovery
Found in 1970 by a Mr Gardiner in core of east wall of tower when new first-floor doorway inserted
Church Dedication
St Maurice
Present Condition
Broken and worn
Description

It is sub-rectangular and roughly broken at either end and below. The long edges to the left and right are dressed flat, and only slightly damaged.

D.T.

A (top): Inscription The face of the stone contains the remains of an inscription in Scandinavian runes. Standing opposite each other are two fragmentary sequences of runic characters, (a) and (b), placed between framing lines that parallel the edges of the stone. The bases of the runes point inwards, which suggests that the inscription ran up one edge of the face and down the other. Although the runes and dividers are damaged in a number of places, they are not significantly worn and several look quite fresh. In addition, there are clear traces of red paint here and there in the framing lines and in most of the characters. Apparently the stone was not exposed to wind and weather for very long.

Since the layout of the inscription provides no guidance about which way up the stone stood, it is difficult to know whether text (a) or text (b) should be read first (see, however, the discussion below).

(a) --(R)[:]auk[o]l[: .]--

(b) --[.](u)sk[. .]--

M.P.B.
Discussion

The monument can be reconstructed as of square section with a convex upper face which carries the inscription (see Fig. 42). While the form of the monument is uninformative in terms of dating, it is likely that the inscription is in Old Norse, which would point to the period of Scandinavian political dominance in Winchester for its making, probably in the period 1016 - 42 (see below).

D.T.

Inscription Given the fragmentary nature of the inscription, it is impossible to produce a text. The few runes that survive are susceptible to differing interpretations. If it is assumed that the carver placed his or her dividers at word boundaries, (a) is most likely to contain a personal name (Old Norse Auðkell). Dividers were, however, sometimes placed within words, and often used only sporadically. This makes it possible to suggest that (a) preserves a sliver of text from the beginning of a typical memorial inscription, in which the names of those who commissioned the inscription are recorded. --(R) might then be the nominative singular termination of a name (probably male) and the following three characters could denote auk ('and') and the remainder of the fragment the beginning of a further name (perhaps Óláfr). It is harder to select a linguistic context for fragment (b). A rounded vowel plus /sk/ is a common sequence in verbal endings and adjectival roots, as well as in other parts of speech. It may even be that more than one word is involved here, or perhaps two elements of a compound. If the latter is supposed, the word húskarl ('retainer', 'member of the king's bodyguard') becomes a distinct possibility.

Rune forms (or, more precisely, the likely rune-phoneme correspondences * /a/, */s/, and possibly * /R/) and layout combine to suggest a tenth- or eleventh-century, Danish-inspired inscription. That a Dane would have raised a memorial stone in tenth-century Winchester seems improbable, and the likelihood must rather be that it dates from the time of Cnut or thereabouts, when it would not be unexpected to find Scandinavian húskarlar in this centre of royal and ecclesiastical power (cf. Winchester (Old Minster) no. 6).

M.P.B.

Date
Eleventh century
References
Kjølbye-Biddle and Page 1975, 389 - 94, fig. 1, pl. LXXXII; Tweddle 1986b, i, 90 - 1, 230 - 1, ii, 512 - 13, iii, fig. 8, pl. 119a; Page 1987, 54; Tweddle 1990, 150, pl. 3
Endnotes

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